Access to clean and reliable water remains a challenge in many parts of Kenya, making borehole drilling an essential solution for households, farms, and businesses. Whether for domestic use, irrigation, or commercial purposes, a well-drilled borehole provides a sustainable water supply.
In this blog, we’ll take you through the step-by-step process of borehole drilling in Kenya, from site assessment to water extraction, ensuring you understand what to expect before, during, and after drilling.
Step 1: Site Assessment & Hydrogeological Survey
Before drilling begins, a hydrogeological survey is conducted to determine the best location for the borehole. This involves:
- Geophysical Survey – Using electrical resistivity or electromagnetic methods to detect underground water.
- Geological Analysis – Studying rock formations and water table depth.
- Water Potential Estimation – Predicting the borehole’s yield (liters per hour).
Why is this important? A proper survey minimizes the risk of drilling a dry or low-yield borehole.
Step 2: Obtaining Permits & Legal Compliance
In Kenya, borehole drilling is regulated by the Water Resources Authority (WRA). Required steps include:
- Water Permit Application – Submit through WRA (takes 2–4 weeks).
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Needed for large-scale projects (regulated by NEMA).
- Local Authority Approval – Some counties require additional permits.
Note: Drilling without a permit is illegal and may lead to fines or borehole closure.
Step 3: Drilling the Borehole
Once permits are secured, the actual drilling begins. The process includes:
a) Rig Mobilization
- Heavy-duty drilling equipment is transported to the site.
- Common drilling methods in Kenya:
- Rotary Drilling (for soft to medium-hard rock).
- Percussion Drilling (for hard rock formations).
b) Drilling & Casing Installation
- The borehole is drilled to the required depth (typically 50m–200m).
- Steel or PVC casing is installed to prevent collapse and block contaminants.
- A screen is fitted at the aquifer level to allow water in while filtering sand.
c) Borehole Development
- The borehole is flushed to remove drilling debris.
- Airlifting or surging techniques improve water flow.
Step 4: Pump Installation & Yield Testing
After drilling, the next steps are:
a) Yield Test (Pumping Test)
- Determines the borehole’s sustainable water output (measured in liters per hour).
- Helps select the right pump size.
b) Water Quality Testing
- Lab tests check for contaminants (fluoride, bacteria, heavy metals).
- Ensures water is safe for drinking or irrigation.
c) Pump Installation
- Submersible pumps (common for deep boreholes).
- Solar pumps (ideal for off-grid areas).
Step 5: Final Approval & Handover
- WRA Inspection – Some boreholes require final approval.
- Completion Report – Includes drilling log, yield test results, and water quality analysis.
- Handover – The client receives full documentation and maintenance guidelines.
How Long Does Borehole Drilling Take in Kenya?
- Survey & Permits: 2–6 weeks
- Drilling & Casing: 2–7 days (depending on depth & geology)
- Pump Installation & Testing: 1–3 days
- Total Time: 3–8 weeks (varies by location and bureaucracy)
Common Challenges in Borehole Drilling
- Dry or Low-Yield Boreholes – Due to poor site assessment.
- Collapsed Boreholes – If casing is not properly installed.
- Salty or Contaminated Water – Requires treatment systems.
- Delays in Permits – Can prolong the project.
Conclusion
Borehole drilling in Kenya is a structured process that requires proper planning, professional execution, and compliance with legal requirements. By following these steps—conducting a hydrogeological survey, obtaining permits, hiring a reputable driller, and performing water tests—you can secure a reliable water source for years to come.
Need help drilling a borehole? Consult with Topmast engineering ensure a smooth and successful project.